Sunday 24 April 2016

Hyperbolic Navigation


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Hyperbolic navigation refers to a class of navigation systems based on the difference in timing between the reception of two signals, without reference to a common clock. This timing reveals the difference in distance from the receiver to the two stations. Plotting all of the potential locations of the receiver for the measured delay produces a series of hyperbolic lines on a chart. Taking two such measurements and looking for the intersections of the hyperbolic lines reveals the receiver's location to be in one of two locations. Any other form of navigation information can be used to eliminate this ambiguity and determine a fix.

Hyperbolic System Principles:

The principle on which all hyperbolic navigation and positioning systems operate is essentially the same. If two transmitters radiating a radio wave in the same phase are located at the ends of a baseline, as shown in the diagram below, then a receiver in the centre of the baseline will receive the wave in the same phase since the time-of-flight of the wave to the receiver from both transmitters is the same. Applying this principle in reverse, if the receiver is receiving the two waves in phase, then it must be located either at the centre of the baseline or somewhere along the perpendicular line l - l'.
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Operating System:

The operator initially tuned in their receiver to see a stream of pulses on the display, sometimes including those of other chains which were nearby in frequency. He would then tune a local oscillator that started the trigger of the oscilloscope's trace so that it matched the clock at the master station (which could, and did, change over time). Next he would use a variable delay to move the start of the signal so one of the "A" pulses was at the very left side of the 'scope (the action is identical to the "horizontal hold" dial on an analog television). Finally the speed of the trace across the display would be tuned so the D pulse was just visible on the right. The distance of the B or C pulse from the A pulse could now be measured with an attached scale. The resulting delays could then be looked up on a navigational chart.
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Loran Overview:

f the positions of the two synchronized stations are known, then the position of the receiver can be determined as being somewhere on a particular hyperbolic curve where the time difference between the received signals is constant. In ideal conditions, this is proportionally equivalent to the difference of the distances from the receiver to each of the two stations.
So a LORAN receiver which only receives two LORAN stations cannot fully fix its position—it only narrows it down to being somewhere on a curved line. Therefore, the receiver must receive and calculate the time difference between a second pair of stations. This allows to be calculated a second hyperbolic line on which the receiver is located. Where these two lines cross is the location of the receiver.
In practice, one of the stations in the second pair also may be—and frequently is—in the first pair. This means signals must be received from at least three LORAN transmitters to pinpoint the receiver's location. By determining the intersection of the two hyperbolic curves identified by this method, a geographic fix can be determined.
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Future Of Loran:

With the perceived vulnerability of GNSS systems, and their own propagation and reception limitations, renewed interest in LORAN applications and development has appeared.Enhanced LORAN, also known as eLORAN or E-LORAN, comprises an advancement in receiver design and transmission characteristics which increase the accuracy and usefulness of traditional LORAN. With reported accuracy as good as ± 8 meters, the system becomes competitive with unenhanced GPS. eLORAN also includes additional pulses which can transmit auxiliary data such as DGPS corrections. eLORAN receivers now use "all in view" reception, incorporating signals from all stations in range, not solely those from a single GRI, incorporating time signals and other data from up to 40 stations. These enhancements in LORAN make it adequate as a substitute for scenarios where GPS is unavailable or degraded.

List Of Loran-C Transmitter:

A list of LORAN-C transmitters. Stations with an antenna tower taller than 300 metres (984 feet) are shown in bold.
StationCountryChainCoordinatesRemarks
AfifSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia South (GRI 7030)
Saudi Arabia North (GRI 8830)
23°48′36.66″N42°51′18.17″E400 kW
Al KhamasinSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia South (GRI 7030)
Saudi Arabia North (GRI 8830)
20°28′2.34″N44°34′51.9″E
Al MuwassamSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia South (GRI 7030)
Saudi Arabia North (GRI 8830)
16°25′56.87″N42°48′6.21″E
AngissqGreenlandShut down on 31 December 199459°59′17.348″N45°10′26.91″Wused until 27 July 1964 a 411.48 metre tower
AnthornUnited KingdomLessay (GRI 6731)54°54′41.949″N3°16′42.58″WMaster and Slave on 9 Jan. 2016. Replacement for transmitter Rugby[50]
Ash Shaykh HumaydSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia South (GRI 7030)
Saudi Arabia North (GRI 8830)
28°9′15.87″N34°45′41.36″E
Attu IslandUnited StatesNorth Pacific (GRI 9990)
Russian-American (GRI 5980)
52°49′44″N173°10′49.7″Edemolished in August 2010
BalasoreIndiaCalcutta (GRI 5543)21°29′11.02″N86°55′9.66″E
BarrigadaGuamshut down13°27′50.16″N144°49′33.4″E
BaudetteUnited StatesNorth Central U.S. (GRI 8290)
Great Lakes (GRI 8970)
48°36′49.947″N94°33′17.91″W
BerlevågNorwayBø (GRI 7001)70°50′43.07″N29°12′16.04″E
BilimoraIndiaBombay (GRI 6042)20°45′42.036″N73°02′14.48″E
Boise CityUnited StatesGreat Lakes (GRI 8970)
South Central U.S. (GRI 9610)
36°30′20.75″N102°53′59.4″W
Bø, VesterålenNorwayBø (GRI 7001)
Eiði (GRI 9007)
68°38′06.216″N14°27′47.35″E
Cambridge BayCanadashut down69°06′52.840″N105°00′55.95″Wfree-standing lattice tower, used as NDB
Cape RaceCanadaCanadian East Coast (GRI 5930)
Newfoundland East Coast (GRI 7270)
46°46′32.74″N53°10′28.66″Wused a 411.48 metre tall tower until 2 February 1993, uses now a 260.3 metre tall tower
Caribou, MaineUnited StatesCanadian East Coast (GRI 5930)
Northeast U.S. (GRI 9960)
46°48′27.305″N67°55′37.15″W
Carolina BeachUnited StatesSoutheast U.S. (GRI 7980)
Northeast US (GRI 9960)
34°03′46.208″N77°54′46.10″W
ChongzuoChinaChina South Sea (GRI 6780)22°32′35.8″N107°13′19″E
Comfort CoveCanadaNewfoundland East Coast (GRI 7270)49°19′53.65″N54°51′43.2″W
DanaUnited StatesGreat Lakes (GRI 8970)
Northeast US (GRI 9960)
39°51′7.64″N87°29′10.71″W
DhrangadhraIndiaBombay (GRI 6042)23°0′16.2″N71°31′37.64″E
Diamond HarborIndiaCalcutta (GRI 5543)22°10′20.42″N88°12′15.8″E
EiðiFaroe IslandsEiði (GRI 9007)62°17′59.69″N7°4′25.59″W
EstartitSpainMediterranean Sea (GRI 7990)
(shut down)
42°3′36.63″N3°12′16.08″E
FallonUnited StatesU.S. West Coast (GRI 9940)39°33′6.77″N118°49′55.6″W
Fox HarbourCanadaCanadian East Coast (GRI 5930)
Newfoundland East Coast (GRI 7270)
52°22′35.29″N55°42′28.68″W
GeorgeUnited StatesCanadian West Coast (GRI 5990)47°03′48.096″N119°44′38.97″W
GesashiJapanNorth West Pacific (GRI 8930)
East Asia (GRI 9930)
26°36′25.09″N128°8′56.94″E
GilletteUnited StatesNorth Central U.S. (GRI 8290)
South Central U.S. (GRI 9610)
44°0′11.21″N105°37′24″W
GrangevilleUnited StatesSoutheast U.S. (GRI 7980)
South Central U.S. (GRI 9610)
30°43′33.24″N90°49′43.01″W
HavreUnited StatesNorth Central U.S. (GRI 8290)48°44′38.58″N109°58′53.3″W
HellissandurIcelandshut down on 31 December 199464°54′14.793″N23°54′47.83″W411.48 metre tall tower, now used for longwave broadcasting of RÚV on 189 kHz
HelongChinaChina North Sea (GRI 7430)42°43′11″N129°6′27.07″E
HexianChinaChina South Sea (GRI 6780)23°58′3.21″N111°43′9.78″E
Iwo JimaJapanshut down in September 1993. Dismantled24°48′26.262″N141°19′34.76″Eused a 411.48 metre tall tower
Jan MayenNorwayBø (GRI 7001)
Ejde (GRI 9007)
70°54′51.478″N8°43′56.52″W
Johnston IslandUnited Statesshut down16°44′43.82″N169°30′30.9″W
JupiterUnited StatesSoutheast U.S. (GRI 7980)27°1′58.49″N80°6′52.83″W
KargaburunTurkeyMediterranean Sea (GRI 7990)
(shut down)
40°58′20.51″N27°52′1.89″E
Kwang JuSouth KoreaEast Asia (GRI 9930)35°2′23.69″N126°32′27.2″E
LampedusaItalyMediterranean Sea (GRI 7990)
(shut down)
35°31′22.11″N12°31′31.06″E
Las CrucesUnited StatesSouth Central U.S. (GRI 9610)32°4′18.1″N106°52′4.32″W
LessayFranceShut down on 31 December 2015
Lessay (GRI 6731)
Sylt (GRI 7499)
49°8′55.27″N1°30′17.03″W
Loop HeadIrelandLessay (GRI 6731)
Eiði (GRI 9007)
(Never built)250 kW
MaloneUnited StatesSoutheast U.S. (GRI 7980)
Great Lakes (GRI 8970)
30°59′38.87″N85°10′8.71″W
MiddletownUnited StatesU.S. West Coast (GRI 9940)38°46′57.12″N122°29′43.9″W
MinamitorishimaJapanNorth West Pacific (GRI 8930)24°17′8.79″N153°58′52.2″Eused until 1985 a 411.48 metre tall tower
NantucketUnited StatesCanadian East Coast (GRI 5930)
Northeast U.S. (GRI 9960)
41°15′12.42″N69°58′38.73″W
Narrow CapeUnited StatesGulf of Alaska (GRI 7960)
North Pacific (GRI 9990)
57°26′20.5″N152°22′10.2″W
NiijimaJapanNorth West Pacific (GRI 8930)
East Asia (GRI 9930)
34°24′12.06″N139°16′19.4″E
PatapurIndiaCalcutta (GRI 5543)20°26′50.627″N85°49′38.67″E
PohangSouth KoreaNorth West Pacific (GRI 8930)
East Asia (GRI 9930)
36°11′5.33″N129°20′27.4″E
Port ClarenceUnited StatesGulf of Alaska (GRI 7960)
North Pacific (GRI 9990)
65°14′40.372″N166°53′11.996″Wuses a 411.48 metre tall tower Demolished 28 April 2010 [51]
Port HardyCanadaCanadian West Coast (GRI 5990)50°36′29.830″N127°21′28.48″W
Rantum (Sylt)GermanyShut down on 31 December 2015
Lessay (GRI 6731)
Sylt (GRI 7499)
54°48′29.94″N8°17′36.9″E
RaymondvilleUnited StatesSoutheast U.S. (GRI 7980)
South Central U.S. (GRI 9610)
26°31′55.17″N97°49′59.52″W
RaopingChinaChina South Sea (GRI 6780)
China East Sea (GRI 8390)
23°43′26.02″N116°53′44.7″E
RongchengChinaChina North Sea (GRI 7430)
China East Sea (GRI 8390)
37°03′51.765″N122°19′25.95″E
RugbyUnited KingdomExperimental (GRI 6731)
(shut down at the end of July 2007)
52°21′57.893″N1°11′27.39″W
Saint PaulUnited StatesNorth Pacific (GRI 9990)57°9′12.35″N170°15′6.06″W
SalwaSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia South (GRI 7030)
Saudi Arabia North (GRI 8830)
24°50′1.46″N50°34′12.54″E
SearchlightUnited StatesSouth Central U.S. (GRI 9610)
U.S. West Coast (GRI 9940)
35°19′18.305″N114°48′16.88″W
Sellia MarinaItalyMediterranean Sea (GRI 7990)
(shut down)
38°52′20.72″N16°43′6.27″E
SenecaUnited StatesGreat Lakes (GRI 8970)
Northeast U.S. (GRI 9960)
42°42′50.716″N76°49′33.30″W
Shoal CoveUnited StatesCanadian West Coast (GRI 5990)
Gulf of Alaska (GRI 7960)
55°26′20.940″N131°15′19.09″W
SoustonsFranceShut down on 31 December 2015
Lessay (GRI 6731)
43°44′23.21″N1°22′49.63″W
TokUnited StatesGulf of Alaska (GRI 7960)63°19′42.884″N142°48′31.34″W
TokachibutoJapanEastern Russia Chayka (GRI 7950)
North West Pacific (GRI 8930)
42°44′37.2″N143°43′10.5″E
Upolo PointUnited Statesshut down20°14′51.12″N155°53′4.34″W
VærlandetNorwaySylt (GRI 7499)
Ejde (GRI 9007)
61°17′49.49″N4°41′47.05″E
VeravalIndiaBombay (GRI 6042)20°57′09.316″N70°20′11.73″E
Williams LakeCanadaCanadian West Coast (GRI 5990)
North Central U.S. (GRI 8290)
51°57′58.78″N122°22′1.55″W
XuanchengChinaChina North Sea (GRI 7430)
China East Sea (GRI 8390)
31°4′8.3″N118°53′8.78″E
YapFederated States of Micronesiashut down in 1987. Dismantled9°32′44.76″N138°9′53.48″Eused a 304.8 metre tall tower

Resolution:

Points of zero phase difference are referred to as 'lanes'. It is not necessary to rely on these however since the receiver can measure phase differences at points in between lanes. The maximum resolution of the system is expressed as the smallest distance within a lane that can be measured and is limited by a number of factors. In the case of HiFix the maximum resolution of the system is given as 0.01 lane, which at an operating frequency of 1900kHz would be 1.6 metres. Since the distance between hyperbolae and hence lanes increases with distance away from the transmitters, the accuracy of the system reduces in proportion. The operator would have to take this into account when a fix is obtained.
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